The Media And Its Effects On Teen And Young Undeveloped...

The advertising business views teenagers in society as a viable market section, due to their immature understanding of the media and its dazzling impact on teen and young undeveloped brains. The media is progressively specializing in children and adolescents to captivate with advertisements. according to market research corporations, teenagers are vital to marketers because they can pay a considerable open income, spend family cash easily, and they are easily able to influence their families to spend on massive and little household purchases that are appealing to them. furthermore, children are also a viable market because they ll easily influence, lifestyle, and overall trends; and supply a view of society and how it s currently and†¦show more content†¦This essay will discuss the mental and physical impact of advertisements on teens viewing tv, the individual impact and also the group impact in addition the physical and self-esteem impacts. A Recent study by (Pediatrics, 2011) states that â€Å"Children and adolescents watch 400 00 advertisements a year on TV alone.† this is happening despite the fact that there s a law that limits advertising on children’s programming to ten.5 minutes per hour on weekends and twelve minutes per hour on weekdays. However, a lot of children’s viewing happens during prime time, which features nearly sixteen minutes per hour of advertising. The mental impacts of these advertisements on tv on teens are usually split into an individual level and a group level (Friedkin, 1998). The mental impact effects on the individual level are the influence primarily practiced on parents and teenagers communication and influence amongst each other regarding merchandise or services. However, the mental effects on the group level are perception, attitude and actual behavior of the viewer (Moschis Mitchell, 1986). Although in a home it s commonly the parents that are responsible about the cash, advertisements are usually aimed toward teenagers. Advertisers believe, if the advertising of a product is successful the chance of the parents purchasing it in order to please their kids is higher, and a few children can ask their parents to purchase the product. â€Å"Television advertising viewing

Analysis Of The Now Infamous Ginger Rogers - 1859 Words

From Fortunes to Pennies: The â€Å"Sexual Economics† of Ginger Rogers Both Gold Diggers of 1933 (Busby Berkeley, 1933) and Swing Time (George Stevens, 1936) feature the now-infamous Ginger Rogers in two very different roles. In Gold Diggers, she plays a supporting role as the chorus girl Fay Fortune, whereas in Swing Time, she is the top-billed star playing the show business hopeful Penny Carol aside her perennial film and dance partner, Fred Astaire as show business veteran Lucky Garnett. These two Ginger Rogers roles provide insight into the socioeconomic roles women played in the societal landscape of the 1930s. By analyzing the same actress in two roles, one leading and one supporting, in two film musicals produced three years apart, we can isolate exactly what characteristics were fit for a leading lady at that point in film history. Upon close examination, many of the changes made from the supporting role of Fay to the leading role of Penny can boil down to two overarch ing themes: sexual repression and heterosexual coupling. A simple way to begin tracking this evolution is by considering the wardrobes of the two characters. Penny’s wardrobe is very conservative. Her legs are almost always covered, even to the point of frustration as it often obscures the view of her spectacular dancing and intricate footwork. Also, she tends to wear very plain fabrics, and she is especially fond of white, which symbolically portrays the virginal, pure personality we associate with Penny.Show MoreRelatedThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesessentially locked others out of the market. When Warner Bros. gambled that talkies would be popular with viewers, by offering the first bit of synchronized speech in The Jazz Singer, a period of turmoil blanketed the film industry. Studios now had proof that a talkie would make them money. But the financial investment this kind of filmmaking would require, from new camera equipment to new projection facilities, made the studios initially hesitant to invest. In the end, theRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesmain issues inï ¬â€šuencing the competitive position of a number of organisations in the same industry with a relatively short case. For a case that permits a more comprehensive industry analysis The Pharmaceutical Industry could be used. However, if the purpose is more focused – illustrating the use of ‘ï ¬ ve forces’ analysis – the TUI case study or Illustration 2.3 on The Steel Industry could be used. Some cases are written entirely from published sources but most have been prepared in cooperation with

Engineering drawing Essay Example For Students

Engineering drawing Essay The goal of this paper is to study the importance to drawing (both formal drafting and informal sketching) in the process of mechanical design. This goal can he extended to state that we intend to show the necessary to drawing during all the developmental stages of a mechanical design. Through the information presented here, the requirements for future computer aided design tools, graphics education, and further studies will be developed. All mechanical engineers are taught drafting. Thus, most engineers are skilled at making and interpreting these formal mechanical drawings. These drawings are representations Of a final design (the end product Of the design process) and they are intended to archive the completed design and communicate it to other signers and manufacturing personnel. Additionally, engineers are notorious for not being able to think without making back-of-the-envelope sketches of rough ideas. Sometimes these informal sketches serve to communicate a concept to a colleague, but more often they just help the idea take shape on paper. It is in considering how these sketches help an idea take form that gives a hint that drawings role in engineering is more than just to archive a concept or to communicate with others. Longstanding the use of both drafting and sketching in design is important to elf formulate the future development of Computer Aided Design or Drafting (CAD) systems. As CAD evolves and becomes more intelligent, the question of what attributes these systems must have becomes more important. In the past CAD system attributes have primarily been driven from developments in the computer industry, It is only through understanding drawings importance in the design process that these systems can be based on design needs. (l) Additionally, the pressures of CAD tool development, faculty time demands, and course expenses cause academic institutions to reevaluate the content of their graphics courses. Understanding drawings importance in the design process helps establish what skills need to be taught to engineers during their training. This paper is organized by first, in Section II, clarifying the types of drawings used in mechanical design. The hypotheses to be addressed in this paper are given in Section Ill. A discussion of research on the understanding of visual imagery to be used as a basis for arguments in support Of the hypotheses is in Section IV. In Section V is a discussion of the results of data taken on how mechanical engineers use drawings during design. Lastly, in Section VI, is a discussion of how well the hypotheses have been supported and the implications of our findings on CAD development, educational requirements and future research directions. II. TYPES OF DRAWINGS USED IN DESIGN Engineers make many types of marks-on-paper. In research, to be described in Section V, we have broken down these marks into two main groupings: support notation and graphic representations. Support notation includes textual notes, lists, dimensions (including leaders and arrows) and calculations. Graphic representations include drawings of objects and their functions, and plots and charts Mechanical design graphic representations are often scale drawings made with mechanical instruments or CAD computer systems. These drawings, made in accordance with a set of widely accepted rules, are defined as having been drafted. Sketches, on the other hand, are defined as free hand drawings. They are usually not to scale and may use shorthand notations to represent both objects and their function. A differentiation must be made between the act of graphic representation and the medium on Which it occurs. The medium, Whether it be paper and pencil, a computer stylus on a tablet, chalk on a blackboard or other medium may UT interface restrictions on the representation. The following discussions are concerned with what is being represented, not with how the representation is made. However, the discussions point to the mediums restriction on representation and the need for improved interfaces. Another aspect of drawings to be considered is the level of abstraction of the information to be represented. During the design process, the design is refined from an abstract concept to a final, detailed, drafted design, This Gang be clearly seen in an example taken trot one to our studies described in Section V. In his study the designer was developing an assembly to hold three batteries tort a clock/calendar in a computer. Figure 1 is a compilation of all the sketches and drawings one subject made during the development of a battery contact in this design. The number under each graphic image is the percentage of the way through the design when the representation was made. The component is refined from a sketch that contains primarily functional information to a refined, scale drawing of the final form. The first sketch in I shows two contacts (represented as circles) and a connection between them for current flow represented as a line). The symbol here is clearly functional. Figure I. The evolution Off battery contact total protocol time Of 8 hours and 34 minutes. Even though a good percentage of an engineers graphic representation is informal sketching drafting is the focus of most engineering training and the strength of CAD systems. On the other hand, most engineers receive no formal training in sketching. It is often assumed to be some natural ability. Three typical texts used in teaching undergraduate mechanical drawing were reviewed . Each of these presented only a few pages to information on sketching. Additionally, CAD systems do not support sketching in any meaningful way. For the purposes of this paper, the term CAD is defined as the use of interactive computer graphics to help solve a mechanical design problem. Current CAD tools aid the mechanical design process in four ways: as an advanced drafting tool; through assisting in the visualization of hardware and data; by improving data organization and communication; and through being used as a pre- and post- processor for computer based analytical techniques such as finite element analysis, weight and mass properties, cinematic analysis, etc. For all these uses, he design must be refined to the point that a scale drawing of it can be made. Thus, for current systems, the D in CAD means drafting. Ill. THE RELATION OF DRAWING TO PROBLEM SOLVING The initial reduction Of videotaped data taken Of design engineers led to the publication of six uses of the act of drawing [4, 51: 1. To archive the geometric form of the design. 2. To communicate ideas between designers and between the designers and manufacturing personnel. 3. To act as an analysis tool. Often, missing dimensions and tolerances are calculated on the drawing as it is developed, 4. To simulate the design. S. To serve as a completeness checker, As sketches or other drawings are being made, the details left to be designed become apparent to the designer. This, in effect, helps establish an agenda of design tasks left to accomplish. 6. To act as an extension of the designers short term memory. Designers often unconsciously make sketches to help them remember ideas that they might otherwise forget. It was realized that these observations were both overlapping and incomplete. In particular, based on the data and readings in the cognitive psychology literature, we felt that the last item was potentially much richer than stated. Thus these observations have fostered five hypotheses. Each hypothesis is presented below followed by support from the literature. The mechanical design data in support of these hypotheses is in Section V. Hypothesis 1. Drawing is the preferred method of external data representation by mechanical engineering designers. Designers represent data both internally, in their minds, and externally on paper, a computer screen or other media. It is fairly obvious that designers like to draw in these mediums and prefer a picture to a written description tan object. It is important to understand why drawing representations are preferred over other arms such as text or propositions (if-then rules). In Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words , by Larkin and Simon the authors explore the use of diagrams in problem solving. Here a diagram is a drafted, schematic drawing representing the objects in a physics problem. In this paper sentential (textual, indexed by position in a list -a sentence) and diagrammatic (graphical) representations and their effect on problem solving are compared. Drawing Examples from Two or More Caricom Institutions EssayThe contents Of the STEM comprises he information we are aware of, our conscious mind. All design operations (e. G. Visual perception and drawing creation) are made on information that is brought into short-term memory. Unfortunately, STEM has limited capacity. Studies have shown that it is limited to approximately seven cognitive units or chunks Of information [91. Although limited in capacity. The STEM is a fast processor with processing times on the order of 100 mess [17). In the view of Solely, one function of the short term memory is as a visual buffer , In this capacity it is considered a hard-wired, special purpose, short ERM buffer that evolved from the need to process information from the eyes. Thus, this buffer is viewed as a coordinate space with limited spatial extent, more clarity toward the center, and the image fading without regeneration effort. The visual buffer supports images derived from the eyes during perception, and trot both the eyes and the long term memory during idea generation and manipulation. 4. Long Term Memory The long-term memory, on the other hand, has essentially infinite capacity, but access is slow (from 2 to 10 seconds per chunk). Access to long-term memory is also not direct. Instead, memories must be triggered by some cue or retrieval sweater based on information in short-term memory. During design, parts of the design State are stored in long-term memory _ These are relatively easy to cue because, at any time, curr ently important parts of the design state are in short-term memory and can act as pointers for the knowledge in the long-term- memory. In terms of visual imagery, according to Solely there are two different types of information stored in the long term memory: facts about objects (including size of objects, how they are put together, names of subordinate categories, heir function, etc. ) and encodings of the literal appearance of the object (list of coordinates where points should be placed in the visual buffer). Sheppard [141 argues that there may not be a concrete or first order isomorphism between an external object and the corresponding representation. He proposes a second order isomorphism in which functional relations among objects are modeled and stored, It is clear that the information about images contains more than the literal appearance and that a propositional memory must be included as part of the visual image. 4. 3 Cognitive Units The contents of the cognitive units processed in the L TM and STEM are not exactly clear. Anderson , in his effort to build a computer simulation of human information processing, utilizes three types of data representations for these units: spatial images, textual data and propositions. It will be shown that the spatial representation view Of memory is especially important in considering the form-oriented field of mechanical engineering design. There is virtually no evidence in the literature about the way in which designers encode information about mechanical Objects in their memory. There has been such conjecture about this however as the chunks of data, more commonly referred to in engineering design as the design features, are the basic building blocks of human design organization. Thus if a design is to be represented in a manner that is most easily communicated to/from a human designer, then the information should be encoded in features that are familiar to him, Current CAD systems use features that are made of geometric primitives such as lines, arcs, solids and icons. These are the features designers are taught to use, but it is not clear that these are the way the intonation is best organized in their memory ND most easily indexed. This gives rise to the following questions, Where do these features come from? Is it that designers have a natural set of features in their heads or is the patterning developed through their education? The only windows that exist to study the chucking of objects in a designers head is through his/her representation of these features as written text, words, drawings or gestures Features used by humans to represent geometry and topology are often not easily represented textually or verbally, but can be graphically represented quite easily. Gore example, novice chess players when asked to recall the position of chess men on a board did so on a man-by- man basis. However, experts recalled patterns Of men, larger, more complex features than the novice resulted in chunks that, although easily represented graphically, could only be awkwardly represented textually as, for example, A string of exterior walls or Two wall segments with windows forming n exterior corner of a square space. The only experiment of this nature performed on mechanical engineers was performed by Waldron and Waldron . In this experiment novice (undergraduate students), intermediate (graduate students) and experts (practicing engineers) were shown an assembly drawing tort a short period of time, The drawing was then covered and the subjects asked to reproduce it, By observing the video taped protocols of the subjects performing this task it was evident that the novices remembered line segments, the intermediate subjects remembered objects such as gears and the experts remembered functional monuments embodying a large number of physical objects. . 4 How the PIPS Model Supports the Hypotheses The above description is important to the understanding of the use of graphical representations in mechanical design as it gives insight into the correctness of the hypotheses put forward in Section Ill. First it must be noted that all the tasks performed on a design require either recall of information fr om the long-term memory or manipulation in the short- term memory. Since the number Of chunks Of information the STEM can work with is limited and mechanical designs get complicated very rapidly, the short ERM memory forms a critical bottleneck for human designers. Additionally, as the STEM transforms information so rapidly and the long term memory so slowly, only external representations made through transforming the image to graphic or textual representation can serve as added memory. Since textual information is so limited in characterizing form, graphic representation is the only reasonable memory extender for mechanical designers. This supports the first hypothesis. The second hypothesis, that sketches serve purposes not supported by drafting, has much to do with the speed of the representation. One purpose in making a graphic image in the external environment is so that it can be viewed, encoded in the STEM, and parsed in a new way. In other words, rapid external image generation allows designers to see information differently than the way it was generated. Thus the method of generating the external image must be rapid and flexible or it will slow down the cognitive processing. Since the STEM is so limited in capacity and mechanical design is so complex, drawings are needed in design as an extension of the visual imagery capability. Thus the PIPS model supports hypothesis three. Considering both hypotheses two and three, drawing both extends the capacity of the STEM and gives the capability Of reparsing the information for continued processing. The forth hypothesis stated that graphical representation is a metaphor for visual imagery and it requires transformation dependent on the medium. It would be ideal fifth medium image representation requirements exactly matched the image representation in the short term memory. In one sense this match always occurs in that, to some degree, the medium used formulates the image chunks that are stored in the long-term memory and later form a basis for enervating and inspecting the image in short-term memory.

The college club Essay Example For Students

The college club Essay Question 13 When asked What could be provided? , non of the students had any suggestions. 4. 3 STAFF BASED STUDY. The staff-based study was completed in two parts; informal interviews, and secondary data in the forms of the minutes of meetings. 4. 3. 1 SECONDARY DATA Any secondary information contains considerable bias. Minutes of meetings are an interpretation and summary of what is said. The information is then interpreted by the researcher. Because of the high level of bias involved with interpretation, the emphasis was placed upon the action followed up from the meeting. Unfortunately the CCPC has not met in the last four years, and it was decided that any information that contained within previous minutes would not be relevant to this study. However, a meeting was held on the 27th October 1998, between the College Club committee, the Academic Registrar, the Chief-of-Staff and the Deputy Principal. These minutes can be found in Annex F. The meeting covered seven main topics;   the meeting itself   the post of Bar Manager the opening times   the culture   property entrance i. e. membership   funding. We will write a custom essay on The college club specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The meeting began by stressing the importance that future meetings should take place on a regular basis. Between October and March, no further meetings have taken place. One had been planned for the beginning of December, but it had to be cancelled due to prior engagements of the staff. A paid Bar Manager was discussed at length with the job description (Annex G), being based upon the hours of 12:00 until 15:00, Monday to Wednesday to cover the lunch time openings. The outcome of the discussion was that the funding would be provided by Prof. Brown, the Deputy Principal to pay for the post, for one year. The position was advertised around the campus, and in the local area, but to no avail. As such, the lunch time openings are still being run by a student. The subject of the opening times was discussed at length with the students stressing that attendance was reduced due to the earlier closing, but the staff were adamant that there was no possibility of reverting to the original times. The staff expressed their wish that the parties were moved onto a Friday night so that the following days lectures would not be affected. The committee expressed their concerns over the funding for these parties, and Prof. Brown offered to provide the funding. Three parties were held on Fridays, the first being on Halloween. The success of these were limited, with approximately 70 people attending each. The future likelihood of success was likely to be limited, as identified when the students were questioned (Fig. 4. 4), and therefore the College Club committee took the decision that the Friday events would not be continued in the Spring term. Culture was the next item to be discussed. It was noted that the student body saw the club as being a facility for after-hours drinking. It was acknowledged that this would take some time to change. It was suggested that if we increase the facilities in the club, then people would use it more often. Again the question of funding arose. It was brought to the attention of the committee that there was a fund that could be used for such items and that a request should be made. The Bar Manager did submit a bid in the order of i 2000 for some sound and lighting equipment, unfortunately the proposal was not accepted, and no money was received. It was the discussions about membership to the club in this meeting, that led to the inclusion of the relevant question in the student study. The meeting ended with the club remaining officially non-rank conscience but it later came to the attention of the College Club committee that the majority of the people on the short courses, similarly the other ranks were told that the club was not for their use (College Club minutes Dec 1998). As such no decision was made in the meeting to restrict the membership, but someone decided to tell people otherwise. .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 , .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 .postImageUrl , .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 , .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91:hover , .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91:visited , .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91:active { border:0!important; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91:active , .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91 .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2449fa63b2a6863341489f200c615c91:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Ten Plagues Upon Egypt EssayThe area of funding was brought up continually throughout the meeting with the College Club committee highlighting the fact that extra costs are being incurred because of the students living in Swindon. The final point that was made was that the College Club was not there to make money. The success measurement was not profit, but a positive balance of payments.. (Minutes, dated 27/10/98) 4. 3. 2 INFORMAL INTERVIEWS The informal interviews were carried out in order to identify whether any member of staff could suggest events that the College Club could host. This part of the study focused on those members of staff who had daily interaction with the students The main suggestion came from the Student Co-ordinator. This post involves interaction with not only the undergraduate students, but also the postgraduates and the families of those attached to the college. A new initiative was starting in the beginning of the Michealmas term, for a Families Group to be formed. The initially used the Mess to meet in, but found that it was not suitable, and was quite expensive. The College Club on the other hand, provided a large area for the children to play in, a seated area and the facility for refreshments. The only cost that would be incurred would be people to run the bar if required. Since the idea was suggested, the Families Group have used the College Club every Wednesday morning as a informal meeting place, and once a month for a larger social event. The other suggestion was to use the College Club as a venue for the lunches when there were UCAS visits, i. e. prospective students visiting the college. Again the advantage of the College Club over other venues on college is that it has a large area so seating can be arranged, but also, it is the only student area that is on the college grounds. This again was taken aboard as a suggestion and has been implemented successfully, although some more furniture would be advantageous. 4. 4 CONCLUSION Although the students were not overly enthused with the College Club facilities, the results were encouraging on the whole. The attraction of the College Club seems, from the results, to be the cost of the drinks, and as a facility to meet friends. The entertainment did not rate highly on a Wednesday night and it did not seem to be a deciding factor when people considered whether or not they would attend Friday night functions. As a facility for lunch-times, the College Club did not rate highly. The provision of hot drinks, food nor longer opening hours did not encourage its use. The staff based study identified that the college hierarchy were in favour of the club being used during the lunch-times, and even offered to fund the post for a paid Bar Manager. The other two suggestions from the general staff emerged a success, and they seemed to have empathy for what was trying to be achieved. However, those in the College hierarchy, were not overly supportive, especially where the Wednesday night parties were concerned. They were ready to point out the problems with the College Club but did not seem concerned that the solutions that they came up with were not productive.